Marketing Colorado Springs

Marketing Colorado Springs TABLE OF CONTENTS1.0 Executive Summary 12.0 Situation Analysis 22.1 Market Summary 22.1.1 Market Demographics 22.1.2 Market Needs 32.1.3 Market Trends 32.1.4 Market Growth 32.2 SWOT Analysis 42.2.1 Strengths 42.2.2 Weaknesses 42.2.3 Opportunities 52.2.4 Threats 52.3 Competition 52.4 Product Offering 52.5 Keys to Success 52.6 Critical Issues 62.7 Historical Results 62.8 Macro environment 63.0 Marketing Strategy 63.1 Mission 73.2 Marketing Objectives 73.3 Financial Objectives 73.4 Target Markets 73.5 Positioning 83.6 Strategies 83.7 Marketing Mix 83.7.1 Product Marketing 83.7.2 Price 83.7.3 Promotion 83.7.4 Service 83.8 Marketing Research 94.0 Financials 94.1 Break-Even Analysis 94.2 Sales Forecast 94.2.1 Sales Breakdown ?Mail, Web Direct Sales and Convention Participation 104.2.2 Sales Breakdown ?Second Contact 104.2.3 Sales Breakdown ?Tertiary Contact 10Colorado Springs, Colorado City Hall.4.2.4 Sales Breakdown ?Fourth Contact 104.3 Expense Forecast 104.4 Contribution Margins 115.0 C ontrols 115.1 Implementation 115.2 Marketing Organization 115.3 Contingency Planning 125.4 Final Statement 12 131.0 Executive SummaryThis marketing plan lays the groundwork for an ambitious road map that will allow the city of Colorado Springs, and its businesses, to thrive and remain competitive in today global market. The focus of this plan will entail growth industries that include the following:?nbsp; Computer technologies and data centric businesses?nbsp; Bio-technical sciences?nbsp; Department of Defense contracting companies?nbsp; Telecommunications and broadband services?nbsp; Hotel and hospitality industries?nbsp; Leisure, entertainment, and tourism endeavorsBy utilizing a non-profit business model we focus our efforts toward recruiting businesses to base themselves, both headquarters and satellite offices, in Colorado Springs. We've established our commitment on the availability of office space...

Enslavement and the Modern Society

Enslavement and the Modern Society Introduction This paper answers to questions based on readings on modern day enslavement. Ten questions are answered in the three major parts of this paper. The first part, is a bout early forms of colonialism and how it changed the way of live, it looks into the meaning of micro-level form of slavery and expounds on micro-level debt of peonage.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Enslavement and the Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Further, the first part concisely articulates how contemporary debt peonage has been coined into racial form of slavery and it explains how unfree and free labor is interlinked politically. The second part of the paper explores the meaning of space of flow as used in selected book. Moreover, the paper in the second part, further explains why space of places constitute a challenge to a basic lever of the new power system. The third part of this paper looks into what the author m eant when he used the word self-programmable labor and generic labor. It also explains what is meant by individualization of labor and a personal implication about the impact of a new economy has in movements and trade unions. Finally a conclusion sums it all. Slave trade and slavery was a major form of revolution that sprang across the globe some centuries ago. This was a phenomenon that was influenced by shortage of labor in the western world to work in various sectors of their economy (Winant 181). Massive form of human labor was urgently needed at this time to increase production. Slaves were sought after to work in industries and agricultural plantations because they provided cheap form of labor and decreased production costs (Winant 185). This was a major practice exercised by the world’s most exploitative nations who wanted to conquer the world. New Type of Enslavement Despite this form of enslavement being abolished, slavery has taken a different tune in our modern so ciety; Micro – level kind of slavery has emerged. A bureaucratic nation has embraced this form of enslavement to perpetrate their vice (Winant 192). Due to abolition of slavery, there has been scarce and shortage of cheap labour in their agricultural and industrial sectors and hence micro- level slavery. In this form of slavery, the peasants and poor people are subjected to peonage; immigrants have been taken advantage of in big cities around the world (Winant 193). This new form of slavery is most practiced when work to be done needs less skills or no skills at all.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The mass of poor immigrants especially from rural areas have been put under subjection of their masters because of their large immigration numbers and scarcity of salaried jobs to be done. The Immigrants are subjected to exploitation and sub employment is a major phen omenon not only in the developed countries but also commonly witnessed in developing countries. The informal sector has adversely been affected by micro level slavery (Winant 193). What Winant means by Micro- level form of Debt Peonage Massive forms of exploitation, over time, affected some nations adversely. The super rich nations plundered the economies of the developing nations by taking what they needed most e.g. minerals, labor, agricultural products. Apart from exploitation of natural resources to exhaustion, they affected locals psychologically; leaving them torn asunder. Due to imbalanced distribution of resources, developing nations turned to developed nations for loans. Consequently, the developed nations have kept other nations under debt of peonage despite taking all the resources from them (Winant 197). Modern debt peonage exercised by world super rich economies has emerged as a stumbling block for most struggling economies and especially the third countries: their terr itories of their peonage during the colonial rule (Winant 199). They have taken no interest to share what they once took because they heavily benefited form the third world economies to stabilize their own. Contrarily, they have made the developing nations to pay much wealthy, more times than the expected compensations. This is evidently seen in how they are handling International indebtedness, so they regard this as paying back because of the abolition of slavery. Contemporary Debt Peonage: a Racialized Form of Slavery Many poor countries have been forced to pay the super rich countries double or even triple the amount they borrowed from rich nations (Winant 202). The debt payment sometimes is increased compared to the original debt to be repaid, and when paid there is more money paid in form of interest. But for them, they are never confronted to repay for example Germany when it was defeated in the WWII (Winant 188). They decide who to get more finance and there terms of repaymen t. This has made many nations especially from developing world to associate this to racial slavery because of the way the aid is administered basing on the nations capability and association to the west (Winant 196). Financial systems have been used to further create a huge line between the poor nations and the super rich. After exploitation and exhausting their resources, and human force to work in their corporate plantation, they have come up with another strategy of exploiting their financial systems (Winant 206). They introduce another form of subjection of selling their agricultural goods of which the poor nations have planted by themselves.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Enslavement and the Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They want to sell weapons acquired by their corrupt governments to developed nations that they can fight their neighbor or other ethnicity. International lending organization s like IMF have imposed strict lending policies in its reimbursement to poor nations, it’s not only through debts but they have crippled other ways of development which would have been a major boost to struggling economies (Winant 220). There is restriction in immigration, education systems are not getting better, social programs to help poor nations are no where Aids medicines are untraceable, and there is no incentive for foreign and domestic investors; a situation, which leaves poor nations to suffer financially (Winant 223). Need to End Split between â€Å"Free† and â€Å"Un-free† Labor We need a system which can balance a gap between the super rich nations and the developing world so that this form of micro – level slavery can end in the world. A space to fully maximize and create equality uniformity has to be sustained (Winant 189). Forced labor created unfree kind of labor because labor was easily available but since the abolition of slave trade mo re changes has been evolved to have an alternative for the developed nations for there sectors of economies. Renting of labor and having some in form of peonage has been widely explored and is on the rise, this has been seen has a source of inducement to those enslaved and to make them happy and work harder, but in the really sense, the slave didn’t realize he was selling his time and skills and owing to the fact that he was doing a peonage job (Winant 228). It was widely used this way for the worker to feel happy that he was free and was enjoying freedom but it wasn’t the case. This was industrial capitalism in developed countries. The issue is nations rely on free or unfree labor. There was a fight in recognition and distinction, there were free workers who supplied major big cities raw materials like Cotton and sugar among others so they were regarded as free because they could not be tied down under close monitoring (Winant 224). After the abolition of slavery free workers have made attempts to remain visible and get recognition from their unfree counterparts, of which freedom to unfree is explicit even though it’s not long lived. This has been a result of racism which is evident here. The emergence of world trade bodies like WTO and NAFTA has yet to narrow down the gap between the developed and the developing world by elaborately having systems in place to check exploitation and dominion over the balance of trade between world nations (Winant 234). It’s seen to counter the bureaucracy that was established during slavery and transform it to the world of today by fostering unity between world countries. This will create a politically harmonious world between world nationsAdvertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Space of Flows The space of flow can be defined as material or organization of time which shares a social precise and its working is centered through flows (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity†167). Flows have various sequences which are recurrent and repetitive in nature and there are interactions among the flows which are physically scattered over a wide area or in a political structure in the society (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity†168). The arrangements sometimes can be institutionally base or in major organizations, but whose inner systems has a central role in defining the social and consciousness of the society as a whole. There exist different types of flow in the society (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity†178). Information flow is made up of constituted electronic circuits i.e. telecommunication, broadcasting systems and others which facilitate communication. In this flow, it’s physically tangible and hence they play an important rol e in the world network society. Its partial and it happens within our selves, it makes it possible for the society to interact and communicate by using enhanced information technology hardware (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity†189). Because it’s physically connected, place does not exist because the positions occurs by the exchange that is within the network. It’s in this that communication is fundamental configuration although the space remains the logic flow within. The network only facilitates efficient information transfer (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 283). space of flow is made up of nodes and hubs; these nodes play special roles because they link a distant station to one another, the hub and node link sparsely distributed networks relaying information to a central point in the society (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 245). The linked places are with constituted and well defined as social or physical functions. Space has an important aspect in the society rather than defining the immediate surrounding, it enhances the influence of the social settings to the immediate situation (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 218). In major cities around the world, space has been transformed in a variety of ways for the society to fit regardless of the status they befall. The elites and the cosmopolitans and how they project their influence among the poor and the immigrants in big cities have been redefined by space. The space of Power has been adversely been affected the way people and nations relate and has been the struggle of the elite to accumulate more through many forms (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 286). and this has been the persistence of the elites to search and accumulate more wealthy for their sustainability Power and Wealthy doesn’t make a life, People’s life has been known to be deeply rooted in places, the culture they come or inherited and in the history they have used to since they were born (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 389). All this has shaped the space in which we live and defined our place in the society. The society exists with different types of classes in the society and one class cannot manage to have social flow by its own. For the need of cohesion preservation and further enhancing flow, they need to have a guiding principals and rules to have a clear boundary of both their social and political community (Castells, â€Å"The network society† 189). When the society democratizes its flow then the elites become distinguishable from the rest of the society and the whole population. This allows curtailing political infiltration and representation in a centered globe of strategic decision making (Castells, â€Å"The network society†190). The elites have a luxury form of executing nodes flows, they does it in serene and expensive leisure spaces or residential while emulating a social settings. A place is a setting whose form, function and meaning are self contained within the scope of physical continuity (Castells, â€Å"The network society† 239). Places have contributed to development and strengthening of communities. Although this has been tremendous for the society growth but the lifestyle of the inhabitants has been unpredictable because of the judgment approach that comes with it. Some places have been known to preserve the rich cultural experience creating beauty this sometimes qualifies them as unique places with a different flow (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity†240). Immigrants shaped and brought renewal in urban centers where they had gone to search for better life (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 150). For those were welcomed and given shelter by already established. This altered and reconditioned the aspect of urban renewal in most cities in some parts of the world. For over years the cities have grown and has developed into Plac e of places because of architectural designs (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 167). This has been a result of urban renewal waves which swept across these cities by flows and immigrations (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 189). A new way of life which is harmonious has been created. This has in turn influenced the establishments of new power systems coiled around this big urban city. And great physical outlook has been rediscovered and redesigned. Nevertheless, of being superb and rich culture, a number of them have enjoyed economical support from their own nation because of the power they posses (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 194). But the new modernization has brought a new harmonic and coexistence between societies this has dispelled fears and tension between many communities around the world. There has been intermingling of class and a social cohesion. Middle class and the poor immigrants lives together in major neighbourhoods fostering urban vitality and they have a created a culture of survival while preserving the aspects of their culture and their past histories about the urban life (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 199). Both have interacted with space and hence finding its real meaning in flows. Space of Places Space of Places refers to social forms of time that is not reducible to what have been perceptions to date (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 181). This has been based on the abstract of social and technical which existed and have been challenged by modern historical happenings. Time has shaped and influenced space since immemorial and this in contradictory has influenced how the time and space has been organized in the society. Space of flow has impacted its influence in already existing information’s systems that already exists and are operable (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 207). The information in the global economy has been well laid with efficient control monitors to enable innovation and coordination of interlinked firms’ i.e. in finance, insurance firms, and many other companies which depend on information highway. The modern economies of these companies rely to knowledgeably generated information and its flow (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 210). They have well organized and reliable telecommunication infrastructures which make it easier to reach their nodes around the globe. Part two: Question 3: space of places a challenge to lever in New power System Most reliable sources have indicated that there is a pattern of dispersion of organizations around the world. This has been attribute to the fact of searching new markets and expanding their grasp in every sphere of the globe, they does this to increase there Financial aspect whereas opening job opportunities for many other people in big cities (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 215). This further has attracted huge investments not only in the intended sectors but other developments have come along with their involvements in this big urban city (Stalder 29). some of this companies have been biased the way they organized and set up their investment, they skip investing in marginalized or developing cities and concentrate in investing in more Large cities of developed world (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 234). They concentrate in this city because of their higher functionality of power and availability of skilled manpower, e.g. New York is regarded as a centre of most international Finance (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 238). The global integration has revolutionarised major roles of this cities around the world their traditional roles have been modernized. And creation of new power systems established. These centers act as spheres of authority to the world economies and control a number of vital firms around the globe (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 240). They do also serv e as innovation command centers where new products are produced. In addition they benefit from the already telecommunication and air transport that’s already efficient and well coordinate (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity† 245). They do this so that they can remain at competitive edge and strengthen their grip in their approach in investment. When they are financially sound they proceed and set up more real estate businesses in order to plough back what they have got over the times. Smaller world economies have been subjected to these new centers of power in how they formulate their policies and working guidelines (Castells, â€Å"the Power of Identity†248). Self Programmable Labor Self programmable labor describes the growing labor force that is the reduction of the proportion of the labor force (Castells, â€Å"The network society† 200). This is characterized with long tenure employment and promising career path. When new employees are hired for th eir flexibility they replace the old labor force entitled to job security in large scale firms. In generic labor, the definition is slightly different (Castells, â€Å"The network society†201). It’s where a parallel growth of highly educated occupations and low skill jobs with very different bargaining power in the labor market. Individualization of Labor As new economies grow and expand each single day and competition is witnessed every day with a general emphasis on increased productivity, labor individualization becomes a necessity. Individualized labor has been created where by most professional have shifted their skills to match the new trend that is taking place in the corporate world (Castells, â€Å"The network society† 209). Most professionals have individualized there form of professionalism where there is more focus on in flexibility and look for more bargaining power to enhance there expertise. They have defined as clear path for there educational ne eds to target particular career path and opt for jobs which offers security and promotes there welfare (Castells, â€Å"The network society† 215). Impact of Individualization of labor on Trade Unions The transformation that has shaped the world economy and how business tend to cope up has had effects on major trade unions and movements a cross the world (Smith 16). In industrials sectors, the trade unions and movements have to adapt timely to recessions and embrace structural approach to its changes. Trade unions have been transformed in more developed countries to contribute and enhance the success and development of free and fair structures (Smith 18). This has been in form of creating peaceful and democratic nations, establishing markets and ensuring healthy competitions and helping to reduce the negative effects of debts being levied to most third world countries (Smith 24). New formulations and developments to create a just and fair trade between countries have been stre ngthened through unity. Trade barriers and restrictions have been lowered to facilitate trade balance between countries. Conclusion In conclusion, the enslavement of the human population across the world had some positive and negative advantages all together. For instance, economies of the super rich countries, in western world, thrived agriculturally and industrially because of cheap labor and raw materials from the third world countries. Most of the nations where this happened, especially the third world countries, remained very poor. Furthermore, the human populations which were forced into the slavery were psychologically affected. After its abolishment, there arises a different form of enslavement peonage. Subtly racism continues to be exercised. A good indicator of the same is in the way the wealthy nations treat developing countries with an air of superiority not just economically but intellectually and racially. Wealthy nations contribute their share to international aids ag ency and financial institutions like IMF but also control them in every way. Through the established international institutions offer aid and loans but with stringed rules that make recipient countries mere puppets in the whole scheme undermining national sovereignty. Well the space of flow has allowed and shaped many aspects of many businesses in the societies. The revolution in the space flow has been occasioned by changes in communication around the world towards what is referred to as the information age. The information age is characterized by improved communication strategy that ensures information transfer around the globe in micro seconds. This has led to the establishment of networks which has enabled closer interlinking of associated societies and developed new social dimensions in today’s world. Work Cited Castells, Manuel. The network society: a cross-cultural perspective. Northampton: Edward Elgar Pub, 2004. Castells, Manuel. The Power of Identity: The Informatio n Age: Economy, Society, and Culture: New Jersey; John Wiley and Sons, 2009. Smith, M. K. Rhona. Textbook on International Human Rights. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Stalder, Felix. Manuel Castells: the theory of the network society. Cambridge: Polity, 2006. Winant, Howard. The New Politics of Race: Globalism, Difference, Justice. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2004.

Australian financial accounting Speech or Presentation

Australian financial accounting - Speech or Presentation Example This can be very beneficial in the case of the businesses where the managers and the owners of the business are one and the same. b) The second hypothesis mainly deals with the debt covenant. Here the main focus is that the more the firms compromise on the debt covenants the higher the chances for the managements to use the policies and to report the future earnings as a part of the current period, mainly because the probability of the possible defaults on debts will be reduced by the high net earnings. c) The final hypothesis is where the political costs of the firms are used to adjust the costs accordingly and this is most effective companies that deal with consumer attention and other related businesses. The above mentioned hypothesis can be tested by studying real life companies. For doing so, it would be most effective to contact companies from different fields and industries. It would also be advisable to not only conduct qualitative researches with the management of these companies but also include a through on the job training with the management. Doing this will help the researcher gain access to the financial information and will also permit a high chance for a more focused approach, with a good exposure to the working of the companies as well. The researcher can also use this exposure to meet and gain as much knowledge as possible from the top management which will help understand why certain strategies are adopted within the organization and the overall impact that these might have on the financials of the company as well. Hence this will prove to be the most effective and efficient method of dealing with the financial of the companies as well as to test the hypothesis of t he positive accounting

Sustainability in Global Context Research Paper

Sustainability in Global Context - Research Paper Example Marketing refers to a management role concerned with the determination and satisfaction of the customer demands. Any company must have an effective marketing department in order to either maintain or increase its market shares. By either increasing or maintaining an appropriate market share, the company maintains its profitability thus sustains its continued operations. Profitability and longevity of the business are two fundamental features of a business that must influence the operational decisions that managers make. Sustainability in business refers to the ability of a business to maintain operations over a period. By maintaining operations, the business must maintain a specific level of profitability in order to sustain its operations within the period (Kotler & Fox, 2002). In making operational decisions, managers must therefore consider the strengths and weaknesses of the business. VESTAS, a wind turbine manufacturer seeks to last for more than fifty years a time within which the company seeks to maintain an appropriate level of profitability in order to afford its operational requirements. VESTAS is a new company but seeks to last for more than the next fifty years. The company requires radical yet harmonized production. The production process must tally with the recommendations from the marketing department. This implies that the marketing department is among the most fundamental management departments in the organizations. The department should carry out effective market researches and ensure that every of its decision originates from the prevailing market features. As a manager, the first and the most appropriate action to take is to develop an effective marketing department in the company. This will require the allocation of sufficient financial resources and the employment of the best brains in the industry. The marketing department determines the profitability of the company. The department controls all the operations of the company and influences the relationship between the company and its specific market. An effective marketing department will therefore sustain the profitability objective of the company thus fostering both the growth and longevity for the next fifty years. An efficient marketing department will determine the most cost effective means of productions in the company. The department remains proactive and carries out effective market research in order to determine a sustainable production process. The marketing department is a fundamental aspect of the management that if handled effectively will safeguard the

Jewish Marriage Essay Example for Free

Jewish Marriage Essay Marriage is a significant part of Judaism bringing together a woman and man under God’s reign. It is the mitzvah (122) â€Å"To marry a wife by means of ketubah and keddushin† (Deut 22:13), all Jewish adherents see marriage as a necessity in order to obey God and to experience the fullness of life. In Genesis God says: â€Å"It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him. † It is a link between individuals and the wider community as it recognises two individuals coming together, celebrated by the wider community. Also the marriage ceremony itself contains symbolic significance to Judaism, conveying Jewish beliefs through symbols, actions and words. The mitzvah of marriage is especially important as it involves what Jews believe to be the purpose of human life: unity to procreate. This belief is modelled by the creation story in Genesis where Adam is made a partner (Eve) through one of his ribs â€Å"For this reason man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife† (Genesis). The idea of a â€Å"bashert† or ideal partner makes marriage especially important as it creates a bond between two souls, just like Adam and Eve, fulfilling God’s will. Once unity between woman and man is achieved, a married couple are able to carry out the next mitzvah (125): â€Å"To have children with one’s wife† to fulfil God’s wish to â€Å"be fruitful and multiply† (Gen 1:28). Due to this law Jewish people see marriage as the only way of being able to have children, so in marriage, a Jew is able to adhere to two mitzvoth. To be Jewish one has to be born of a Jewish marriage; therefore, Jewish marriages are significant ensuring Judaism remains through generations due to procreation and the adherence of individuals marrying.

Interpreting the Servant Song of Isaiah 52:13-53:12 Essay -- Literar

Introduction: In this essay we shall undertake the above assignment title in the following way. Firstly; we shall look briefly at some exegetical issues, which may affect, the actual translation of the text. Secondly we shall endeavour to examine the differing opinions of interpretation concerning the passage and the identity of the servant in particular, interacting and engaging with both the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the prospective views. Thirdly; a brief conclusion will be given. In this essay, the arguments with regards date and authorship of Isaiah, will not be dealt with, as the subject is vast and the above title does not expressly demand it. Exegetical issues: The purpose of this section will be to study some exegetical issues which could affect ones interpretation of the fourth servant song. The first real problem in exegesis is found in 52:15 in the phrase 'so will he sprinkle many nations' (NIV emphasis mine) or alternatively 'so he shall startle many nations.' (JPS TNK emphasis mine). The word in question is hZ nÄ zà ¢ signifies a spattering or (Hiphil) sprinkling of blood, oil, or water either with one’s finger (Lev 4:6) or a â€Å"sprinkler† (Lev 14:7). (1999 Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (electronic ed) Page 566) Everywhere else hZ The LXX reading my also influence the 'startle' translation, the LXX renders hZ ...(ed). New Bible dictionary (3rd ed.) . InterVarsity Press Leicester. France, R.T. 'The Servant Of The Lord In The Teaching Of Jesus' in Tyndale Bulletin 19:1 1968 pages 26-52. Harris, R. L., Harris, R. L., Archer, G. L., & Waltke, B. K. (1999). Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament (electronic ed.) (566). Chicago: Moody Press. Motyer, A.J. 1993, Isaiah, IVP Leciester. Rae, M. 2007 'Scripture and the Divine Economy' in Journal of Theological Interpretation 1.1 pages 5-6. Watts, J. D. W. 2002. Vol. 25: Word Biblical Commentary : Isaiah 34-66. Word, Dallas. Westermann, C. 1969, Isaiah 40-66, SCM, Philadelpha. Whybray R.N. 1990, 'Servant songs', in R. J. Coggins and J.L. Houlden (ed) The SCM Dictionary of biblical Interpretation. Young E. J. 1949, 'Of Whom Speaketh The Prophet This?' Westminster Theological Journal 11:2, pages 133-156.

Composer Alexander Glazunov: his life and work Essay

Glazunov was born in the family of a famous rich publisher of St Petersburg. He started learning music when he was nine and at the age of thirteen he already tried to create his first works. Mili Balakirev, ex- member of the supporter’s of independence group called â€Å"The Five,† acknowledged Glazunov’s abilities and introduces his work to Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. He wrote then: â€Å"Casually Balakirev once brought me the composition of a fourteen- or fifteen-year-old high-school student, Sasha Glazunov. It was an orchestral score written in childish fashion. The boy’s talent was indubitably clear. † (Volkov 1995) Rimsky-Korsakov became a teacher of Glazunov. He recognized the fast progress he made in his study not only every day but even every hour. The character of their relations also altered. Already by 1881, Rimsky-Korsakov started to treat Glazunov as his colleague. At the same time as it was the result of the teacher’s necessity to find another Modest Mussorgsky, it also was the result of Glazunov’s development. (Volkov 1995) Glazunov was lucky to have a rich lumber and part-time musician, Mitrofan Belyayev among his admires. He got to know about Glazunov and his creative work from Anatoly Lyadov and became concerned about the boy’s musical prospect. Mitrofan Belyayev also brought his own interest in Glazunov to other nationalist musicians. Then the composer had a tour around Europe. Glazunov was introduced to Liszt in Weimar, where Glazunov’s first work of art was showed to public. (Volkov 1995) In 1884, Belayev leased a hall and employed a group of musicians to play Glazunov’s First Symphony. The rehearsal was successful and Belayev made a decision to organize a open performance of Glazunov’s and other musicians’ creations. As a result the Russian Symphony Concerts were organized in 1886-1887. In 1885 Belyayev started publishing the music by Glazunov, and other composers at his own cost. Young creators became interested in him so deeply that it was rather difficult to choose among their offerings. (Volkov 1995) Glazunov quickly took pleasure in worldwide approval. On the other hand, he went through a serious crisis in 1890-1891. This period brought an important development to him. Throughout the 1890’s he created three works. In 1905 he became the director of the St. Petersburg Conservatory. His most excellent creations from this time are his Violin Concerto and Eighth Symphony. This period was also the time of his best worldwide approval. There were also series of the Composer’s performances in Moscow and St. Petersburg to celebrate his 25th celebrations as a creator. Glazunov began working as a conductor in 1888. The next year, the composer was a conductor of his Second Symphony performance in Paris. Later the composer led the unsuccessful first performance of Rachmaninoff’s Symphony No 1. Glazunov’s wife then stated that her husband was very drunk during this performance. At the same time as her statement cannot be proved, it is not improbable for a person who always had a bottle of alcohol behind his table was drinking even during his lessons. Drinking or not, Glazunov did not give enough time to his music and, at the same time as like a work of conduct, he did not do it well. Now and again the composer conducted his own pieces of music, particularly the Raymonda, although he was aware about his inability to do it. The composer sometimes said: In spite of the financial crisis he went through during World War I and the resulting social battle, Glazunov continued to work as a conductor. The composer conducted performances in industrial units, associations and Red Army posts. The composer played a significant role in the Russian inspection in 1927 of the centennial of Beethoven’s death, as both lecturer and performer. (White1966) According to The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music â€Å"the ballets The Seasons and Raymonda written by Glazunov, some of his later symphonies, primarily the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth, and his two Concert Waltzes are considered to be Glazunov’s most well-known creations at the present time†. (White1966) By his creation called the Saxophone Concerto created in (1934) the composer demonstrated his talent to become accustomed to contemporary Western music tendencies. (White1966) Glazunov’s musical development was contradictory. Sometimes he was even treated as an idol by other composers who did not have such an outstanding teachers, were mainly self-taught and suffered the lack of technique. Glazunov’s first two creations might be treated as a collection of nationalist methods applied by Borodin and Balakirev. Already at twenty years old the composer understood the polemic conflict between academicism and patriotism. Notwithstanding that Glazunov based his works on Russian popular compositions, his practical techniques let him write in a complicated, cultured manner. By his Third Symphony, the composer deliberately tried to internationalize his music in a way comparable to Tchaikovsky, to whom the work was devoted. (Walsh 1999) Shostakovich stated that at the same time as Glazunov was very often found unintelligible, even preposterous, he deliberately presented the Conservatory with his own time, the part of his soul and his originality. Some people said that Glazunov practically lived there. The composer was peaceful and unyielding communicating with the authorities. (Walsh 1999) In 1922, the authorities made a decision to provide Glazunov with good living conditions in order to help him work and create new masterpieces. The composer denied the proposition in favor of the conservatory and asked to set a new firewood there. The firewood was established. (Walsh 1999)

Cyber crime Essay

In the 21st century, with the improvements in technology and science new concepts are integrated in our lives. Cyber crime is among those concepts that did not previously exist 15-20 years ago. Back In the old day’s only conventional crime was discussed, which refers to those traditional, illegal behaviors that most people think of as crime. In today’s one has to be careful not only against conventional crime but also cyber crime as it is the latest and the most complicated problem in the new century. Cyber crime consists of all criminal actions against communication devices in a network such as Internet, telephone lines or mobile networks. Cyber crime can be observed among people at various age groups as it is easier to commit compared to other types of crime like murder, kidnapping or human trafficking. According to, (Cybercrime.gov, 2009,para8) can divide cyber criminals into four groups. This division may be classified under what they have in their mind. These group s are, children and adolescents between the age group of 6 – 18 years, organized hackers, professional hackers, crackers and discontented employees. Cyber crimes can be divided into 11 groups and each of them is different. Those are unauthorized access to computer systems or networks (hacking), theft of information contained in electronic form, email bombing, data diddling, salami attacks, denial of service attack, virus and worm attacks, logic bombs, Trojan attacks, internet time thefts and web jacking. International estimates announce that cybercrime costs approximately $50 billion annually. Cyber crime costs the United States more than $5 billion per year. According to Michigan State University Library, in England, cybercrime is estimated to cost approximately 250 million pounds or $417.7 million annually. Looking at these figures it can be said that cyber crime is a concept that should be reviewed carefully taking different aspects of it into consideration like the causes, victims and statutory provisions. Still there are so many countries that have not updated their laws against cyber crime. The lack of strong regulations ma kes it nearly impossible to arrest cyber criminals in those countries. In order to diminish cyber crime all organizations and governments should cooperate, as it has no boundaries. Firstly, it is important to know why people commit cyber crime and what they have in their minds, as it is not possible to resolve a problem without knowing its real cause. According to(Cybercrime.gov, 2009,para8) Children and adolescents between the age  group of 6 – 18 years are committing cyber crimes because of exploring new things, curiosity and to be outstanding amongst other children in their group. Younger people are more motivated to learn and try new ideas, which make them bolder. As they also have less life experience they are more prone to cyber crime. Another group consists of organized hackers who are the most dangerous ones. They are organized and ordered properly to make a move. According to the analysis conducted by the institute for security technology studies at Dartmouth college, the reason is generally political and these hackers may deface elect ronic information sites all over the world to spread disinformation and propaganda. Pakistani hackers can be given as an example who are the most skilled and qualified hackers in the world. Their main target is the Indian government sites but also NASA and Microsoft sites are also being attacked by them often. The third group is made up of professional hackers, who are only after money. They crack or steal information for their customers. Generally competitor companies hire them to get information about their rivals. The final group consists of discontented employees, which includes people who have been fired from their job and want to take revenge from their employers. As a result it can be stated that the authorities should approach cyber crime from various angles as each criminal group has different motives. The victim of crime is another aspect that has critical importance as the impacts of cyber crime and the damage it creates depends on the target subject. Although authorities in developing countries do not agree with this argument and pay no attention to the issue, by taking customized precautions to protect specific victim group’s cyber crime can be avoided before it takes place. This shows that only developing countries give importance to the matter, which makes the problem more serious. The classification of subjects of cyber crime is as follows: individuals, organizations, society at large and nation s. At the individual level cyber crime can be against a person or personal property. According to(Cybercrime.gov, 2009,para9), this can take several forms as harassment via e-mails, cheating & fraud, defamation, transmitting viruses, IPR crimes etc†¦For example to protect individuals more secure operating systems can be used instead of stand-alone anti-virus programs. As operating systems are not secure enough to provide protection against cyber attacks people have to pay for anti-virus programs. When organizations are taken  into consideration firms, companies, foundations or even governments can be the victims. The most common methods are unauthorized control/access over computer system, possession of unauthorized information, distribution of pirated software and cyber terrorism against a government organization. Organization wide trainings can be a solution for companies or institutions as people tend to be more precautious when they know about the potential threats and fear f rom losing their jobs. Some government organizations and private companies in developed countries use training as a tool to stop cyber crime. The most signification damage is given to the society at large as more people are affected by the results of cyber crime. Pornography is one significant example, which may take several forms including child harassment. Uncontrolled websites with harmful material have negative impact on young people and especially adolescents who are easily brainwashed. This affects moral values of the society, increases the rate of conventional crime and creates an insecure environment for people. Trafficking is another example of cyber crime where masses can feel the damage. Materials that cannot be explicitly sold by other means are traded on the Internet, which can include illegal items. Financial crimes, forgery and online gambling are other examples of cyber crime that have impacts both on individuals and the general public. Authorities should carefully examine these different groups, which are open to cyber crime and take measures specifically to protect them. Considering all the negative impacts it is becoming necessary to enforce legal sanctions on people or organizations that commit cyber crime. The most important step is to adopt legislations that define cyber crime, regulate and control the activities in cyber world in an effective way. Although certain governments do not view the problem seriously, developed countries like the U.S. have established mechanisms like Computer Crime and International Property Section (http://www.cybercrime.gov/) to take fast action against cyber crime. The Model Law on Electronic Commerce adopted by the United Nations Commission on Trade Law is an example to statutory provisions, which was followed by the Information Technology Act. The Information Technology Act deals with various types of cyber crimes like unauthorized downloading, virus attacks, disruption, denial of access, interference with the service availed by a person, hacking and tampering with computer source documents. According to the Information Technology Act,  the measures against cyber crime may include imprisonment up to 2-3 years to 10 years. According to(Cybercrime.gov, 2009,para3), the following are criticisms against Information Technology Act (ITA). First of all, the ITA does not serve the desired purpose and only deals with e-commerce. Additionally it does not deal with issues like cyber harassment, cyber nuisance etc which can have harmful effects. Another weakness of the ITA is that it is not comprehensive or exhaustive at the same time the definitions a re not clear enough. There should be a uniform law in the world against cyber crime it is a worldwide issue. Along with other issues, universal jurisdiction is also a very important aspect of the problem as cyber crime is a universal concept. Although some countries do not view the problem as a global one, provisions enforced in other countries should be accepted. As mentioned before, the International Technology Act focuses on e-commerce and does not deal with other types of cyber crimes. As a result it is necessary to raise a cyber army like Cyber Crime Investigation Cell of the Central Bureau of Investigation, which deals with various forms of cyber crime. In developing countries like Turkey the laws against cyber crimes are not very effective although some authorities believe that the necessary action is taken. As relevant measures are not implemented by the Turkish Government the problem is getting worse everyday. For example child porn is a very serious problem, which cannot be stopped without serious action. During the last months several child porn cases were reported by the TV channels in Turkey. Another example is internet fraud which is very common in Turkey. Turkish people are not willing to use internet banking because they are afraid of fraud. As Turkish laws are not effective enough these problems are not resolved. Instead of dealing with these serious issues Turkish authorities put a ban on websites like Youtube. In order to avoid cyber crime relevant legal measures should be taken through international cooperation. It is also important to build a control mechanism and develop a uniform law against it. Although it is not possible to totally stop cyber crime there are steps that can be taken by countries and international organizations like the United Nations. Another important thing is to educate people about the cyber risks and tell them what their rights are. If people are informed about the actions they can take against cyber crime the problem can be solved. To reduce the level of cyber crime it is necessary to have a strong legal mechanism worldwide. REFERENCES criminal justice(2008) retrieved from http://www.lib.msu.edu/harris23/crimjust/cybercri.htm Cyber life and coping with identity theft (2010) retrieved from –http://www.naavi.org/pati/pati_cybercrimes_dec03.htm cybertech crimes of the 21st century retrieved from- http://digitaloman.blogspot.com/2006/10/cyber-crime-age-no-bar.html Witt, J (2011). Soc.2011 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020 McGraw Hill Database: EBSCO Publishing Citations government’s hold on cyber bullies retrieved from http://www.cybercrime.gov/ Web Accessibility at Academic Libraries: Standards, Legislation, and Enforcement,Library Hi Tech); 2007 Vol. 24 Issue 4, p494-508, 15p. Document Type: article; (AN LHT.BD.DID.PROVIDENTI.WAALSL) [Citation Record]

Mapusaurus - Facts and Figures

Mapusaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Mapusaurus (indigenous/Greek for earth lizard); pronounced MAP-oo-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of South America Historical Period: Middle Cretaceous (100 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 40 feet long and three tons Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; serrated teeth; powerful legs and tail About Mapusaurus Mapusaurus was discovered all at once, and in a big heapan excavation in South America in 1995 that yielded hundreds of jumbled bones, which required years of work by paleontologists to sort out and analyze. It wasnt until 2006 that the official diagnosis of Mapusaurus was released to the press: this middle Cretaceous menace was a 40-foot-long, three-ton theropod (i.e., meat-eating dinosaur) closely related to the even bigger Giganotosaurus. (Technically, both Mapusaurus and Giganotosaurus are classified as carcharodontosaurid theropods, meaning theyre both also related to Carcharodontosaurus, the great white shark lizard of middle Cretaceous Africa.) Interestingly, the fact that so many Mapusaurus bones were discovered jumbled together (amounting to seven individuals of different ages) can be taken as evidence of herd, or pack, behaviorthat is, this meat-eater may have hunted cooperatively in order to take down the huge titanosaurs that shared its South American habitat (or at least the juveniles of these titanosaurs, since a fully grown, 100-ton Argentinosaurus would have been virtually immune from predation). On the other hand, a flash flood or other natural disaster could also have resulted in a significant accumulation of unrelated Mapusaurus individuals, so this pack-hunting hypothesis should be taken with a big grain of prehistoric salt!

Chaac, the Ancient Mayan God of Rain

Chaac, the Ancient Mayan God of Rain Chaac (spelled variously Chac, Chaak, or Chaakh; and referred to in scholarly texts as God B) is the name of the rain god in the Maya religion. As with many Mesoamerican cultures that based their living on rain-dependent agriculture, the ancient Maya felt a particular devotion for the deities controlling rain. Rain gods or rain-related deities were worshiped beginning in very ancient times  and were known under many names among different Mesoamerican people. Identifying Chaac For example, the Mesoamerican rain god was known as Cocijo by the Late Formative period Zapotec of the Oaxaca Valley, as Tlaloc by the Late Postclassic Aztec people in Central Mexico; and of course as Chaac among the ancient Maya. Chaac was the Maya god of rain, lightning, and storms. He is often represented holding jade axes and snakes that he uses to throw at the clouds to produce rain. His actions assured the growth of maize and other crops in general as well as maintaining the natural cycles of life. Natural events of different intensities from the vivifying rain and wet season storms, to the more dangerous and destructive hailstorms and hurricanes, were considered manifestations of the god. Characteristics of the Mayan Rain God For the ancient Maya, the rain god had a particularly strong relationship with rulers, because- at least for the earlier periods of Maya history- rulers were considered rainmakers, and in later periods, were thought able to communicate and intercede with the gods. The alter-egos of Maya shamans and rulers roles often overlapped, especially in the Preclassic period. The pre-classic shaman-rulers were said to be able to reach the inaccessible places where the rain gods dwelled, and intercede with them for the people. These deities were believed to live on the tops of mountains and in high forests which were often hidden by clouds. These were the places where, in the rainy seasons, the clouds were hit by Chaac and his helpers and the rains were announced by thunder and lightning. Four Directions of the World According to Maya cosmology, Chaac was also linked to the four cardinal directions. Each world direction was connected with one aspect of Chaac and a specific color: Chaak Xib Chaac, was the Red Chaac of the EastSak Xib Chaac, the White Chaac of the NorthEx Xib Chaac, the Black Chaac of the West, andKan Xib Chaac, the Yellow Chaac of the South Collectively, these were called the Chaacs or Chaacob or Chaacs (plural for Chaac) and they were worshiped as deities themselves in many parts of the Maya area, especially in Yucatn. In a burner ritual reported in the Dresden and Madrid codexes and said to be conducted to ensure copious rains, the four Chaacs had different roles: one takes the fire, one begins the fire, one gives scope to the fire, and one puts out the fire. When the fire was lit, hearts of sacrificial animals were cast into it and the four Chaac priests poured jugs of water to put out the flames. This Chaac ritual was performed twice each year, once in the dry season, once in the wet. Chaac Iconography Even though Chaac is one of the most ancient of Maya deities, almost all of the known representations of the god are from the Classic and Postclassic periods (AD 200-1521). Most of the surviving images depicting the rain god are on Classic period painted vessels and Postclassic codexes. As with many Maya gods, Chaac is portrayed as a blend of human and animal characteristics. He has reptilian attributes and fish scales, a long curly nose, and a protruding lower lip. He holds the stone ax used to produce lightning and wears an elaborate headdress. Chaac masks are found protruding from Maya architecture at many Terminal Classic period Maya sites such as Mayapn and Chichen Itza. Mayapns ruins include the Hall of Chaac Masks (Building Q151), thought to have been commissioned by Chaac priests around AD 1300/1350. The earliest possible representation of a pre-classic Maya rain god Chaac recognized to date is carved into the face of Stela 1 at Izapa, and dated to the Terminal Preclassic Period about AD 200. Chaac Ceremonies Ceremonies in honor of the rain god were held in each Maya city and at different levels of society. Rituals to propitiate rain took place in the agricultural fields, as well as in more public settings such as plazas. Sacrifices of young boys and girls were carried out in especially dramatic periods, such as after a prolonged period of drought. In Yucatan, rituals asking for rains are documented for the Late Postclassic and Colonial periods. In the sacred cenote of Chichà ©n Itz, for example, people were thrown and left to drown there, accompanied by precious offerings of gold and jade. Evidence of other, less lavish ceremonies have also been documented by archaeologists in caves and karstic wells all over the Maya area. As part of the care of a cornfield, members of historic period Maya communities in the Yucatan peninsula today held rain ceremonies, in which all the local farmers participated. These ceremonies reference the chaacob, and the offerings included balche, or corn beer. Updated by K. Kris Hirst Sources Aveni AF. 2011. Maya Numerology. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21(02):187-216.de Orellana M, Suderman M, Maldonado Mà ©ndez Ó, Galavitz R, Gonzlez Aktories S, Camacho Dà ­az G, Alegre Gonzlez L, Hadatty Mora Y, Maldonado Nà ºÃƒ ±ez P, Castelli C et al. 2006. Rituals of Corn. Artes de Mà ©xico(78):65-80.Estrada-Belli F. 2006. Lightning Sky, Rain, and the Maize God: The Ideology of Preclassic Maya Rulers at Ancient Mesoamerica 17:57-78.Cival, Peten, Guatemala.Milbrath S, and Lope CP. 2009. Survival and revival of Terminal Classic traditions at Postclassic Mayapn. Latin American Antiquity 20(4):581-606.Miller M and Taube KA. 1993. The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion. Thames and Hudson: London.Pà ©rez de Heredia Puente EJ. 2008. Chen K’u: The Ceramic of the Sacred Cenote at Chichà ©n Itz. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI): Tulane, Louisiana.Sharer RJ and Traxler, LP . 2006. The Ancient Maya. Sixth Edition. Stanford University Press: Stanford, California.

Immigration Law of the United States vs. France Essay

Immigration Law of the United States vs. France - Essay Example Many countries in Europe, as well as, Canada have similar concerns. France, in particular, is presently reforming and altering how they handle immigration concerns; their reasoning however is rather different for several reasons. Between these two countries, the United States and France, both, struggle to find balances socially, ethically, economically, and politically to resolve these immigration issues experienced in their countries respectively. Background In order to understand the immigration concerns of each country it is important to explore the immigration history of the two countries, which contributes to immigration situations that exist today. The United States is a country that was founded on immigration. For this reason, there were no laws relating to immigration at all. It wasn’t until a century after the country was founded that the first immigration legislation appeared; however, these policies were specifically biased, it focused to deter the immigration of pr ostitutes, criminals, and peoples of Asian descent.(Ewing, 2012) A quota system was implemented, in 1921, it too was biased in favor of Western Europeans. There were no restrictions or quotas on people of Latin or Hispanic descent until 1965. This was the first year that the quota was applied to Latin and Hispanic immigrants; it was, also, the last year that the quota system was put into practice. ... In 2005 the â€Å"Secure Fence Act† added stronger restrictions on border passage, longer fences, and the insistence of identification documents that are not easily forged or tampered with, all in hopes of deterring illegal immigration into the United States.(Ewing, 2012) Even more recently, are the stringent laws being enforced in the state of Arizona. Where it is now acceptable legal practice to question â€Å"potential† immigrants, who may have an undocumented status; the citizens in Arizona are required to carry the paperwork that verifies their right to be the United States at all times. France’s history with immigration is a little different than the United States. At one time France was the only country in Europe that encouraged permanent immigration to their country. However, by the 1970s, France’s need for migrant labor faltered with the first â€Å"gas shock.† The French political administration discontinued the renewal of visas and began actively working to deter possible immigrants coming from outside their borders. Ironically, with France’s floundering economy France became less attractive to migrant workers, when there is knowingly few jobs to be found.(Guiraudon, 2002) Unlike America, France has no social or professional businesses or organizations that lobby heavily in favor of immigration and the value of diversity on the workforce. France has, almost, taken n a â€Å"xenophobic† mentality, which simply means, that they prefer as few outsiders as possible. France has a large population of Muslim immigrants. They recently passed laws banning the building of minarets on their mosques and the wearing of burkas, or headscarves, in public places.(Remmers, 2010) France, unlike the United States, favors conformity over diversity.

Design assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Design - Assignment Example Skill-based pay will be introduced in organizations that pay remarkably high wages, provide remarkably high levels of teaching, and make far-reaching use of employee participation practices. These are self-managed groups, open sharing of corporate information pegged with various pay inventions. To design and implement the skill-based pay system, the business ought to first outline the work to be completed, and how it ought to be assigned between individuals and teams. Training must be established that is closely related to the blocks of skill satisfied in the pay system. Activities In a skill-based pay approach, instead of the essential building block of the human-resource management exist as the job, the rudimentary building core block ought to be the individual. The design mission in the organization needs to develop a classical example of what expertise each individual in the organization necessitates. The skill combination is identified in regard to each individual needs. This wi ll enhance to reflect the core capabilities of the organization and the way the business wishes to function from a management style point of understanding. The human-resource subsystems (such as the teaching systems, assortment system, the pay system, the evaluation system and the career progress systems) need to be allied with the development of individuals. This will aid the organization to end up with an accurate skill profile for each individual worker (Piskurich, 2003). A work design is possibly the most fundamental inference that aid in the undertaking of a skill-based tactic to management concerns in relation to area of work design. Personal descriptions ought to be established in relation to comprehensive job descriptions. These personal descriptions have to specify the skills that an individual requires to be effective in their specific work area. It is worth noting that the skill-based approach is most operational in work situations where knowledge work is used. Furthermor e, it is also relevant where individuals can add considerable worth to the product or service. This is because when individuals are self-managing, its efficiency is enhanced. Content As stated earlier, skill-based pay emphasizes on skills and pays individuals in relation to the skills they have. Blocks of skills desirable by the organization, except the job, characterize the basic units of study. In modest skill-based systems, employees may be remunerated for learning what, in principle, multiple jobs are. As a result, skill blocks in skill-based pay systems become equivalent to jobs in job-evaluation systems. Skill assessment, appraisal, authorization, pay rates, and teaching ought to be closely tied to skill blocks. This will allow these systems to work successfully and ensures the organization is being paid value for its investment in salaries, training, and other capitals (Pfeiffer and Ballew, 1998). Testing Methods The principle pay for performance production in any skill-based system relies on how well employees use their skills during a quantified time period. It comprises looking at what individuals add to the performance of their group. Where this is quantifiable, it may make logic to tie part of a person’s benefit to their individual input of their team. It is worth mentioning that the substitute to individual pay for a performance is not to quantify individual performance and to ground pay on organization business unit performance.